Pramanik Containers And The Bottleneck

Printing plates were difficult to find when required for rehash orders which lead to consistent postponement in beginning of work. Shank and his team regularly needed to stay at work longer than required to finish the requests because of bungle of plates. Biennials isn't prepared to go through any cash to overhaul the framework yet puppyish needs to improve the capacity of plates. He should hope to redistribute capacity and conveyance of plates to outer firm and present ERP innovation for the equivalent. WORD COUNT: 120 SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS Paranoia holders Pat Ltd, set up in 1977 was a family based business possessed by Biennials Meta in Iambi.They used to make modified airborne compartments and was the sole provider of jars to BBC Pharmacy, an enormous NC since 1977. A casual gathering between Biennials Meta and Moan Sings, buying chief of BBC Company had started the business association and inside a year's time Paranoia provided vaporized jars to BBC Pharmacy. Suspicion had made a n incentive all alone through item quality and quick help. Numerous new clients tied up with Paranoia in light of its consistently spreading ability and quality help (for which they were known) which came about into a yearly deals of about RSI 315 million by 009.Biennials was additionally keen on offering for new business and gracefully airborne jars to Radiant human services who were entering Indian market to sell antiperspirants. Distrustfulness used to fabricate airborne jars as indicated by explicit client prerequisites business. Size, shape, distance across of jars. These prerequisites were met by establishment of 4 rapid programmed creation machines which worked at a pace of 25 jars for every moment. The printing division needed to brighten jars as indicated by clients determinations and this necessary a high-limit machine which could print 300 sections for every minute.By 2010, Puppyish Meta child of Biennials Meta Joined his privately-run company subsequent to finishing his family oversaw business (FM) program. On his first day in the organization he strolled into the printing region and saw Shank, the head printer dozing at work and furthermore saw that activity the executives in printing office was in all out wreckage. Printing plates required for printing process were not really found in time bringing about postponement of whole procedure. After enquiring from Rakes the Accounts Assistant of the organization he became more acquainted with that plates utilized for new requests were kept in storeroom after use to be along these lines utilized in rehash orders.But there was no appropriate component set up for course of action of plates so they couldn't be found without any problem. So to repay the time lost in finding the plates representatives regularly worked overweight to finish the request. It brought about additional expenses as laborers were paid extra time compensation and new plates were made distinctly in crisis arranges in the event that old ones were not found. Neurosis got around 60 requests for every day and produced 30,000 jars for each day. It had delivered about 30,000 plans during most recent 15 years. Plates of every one of these clients were kept up for use in the event of new request. Keeping up records of such immense information required fastidious work.But Shank demanded that they should enlist someone else to keep up the registers as he was at that point caught up with running the machine yet this was not worthy to Biennials. Puppyish chose to manage the issues and talk about the equivalent with his dad. Puppyish needed to rebuild the capacity activities of plates in his organization, yet further venture isn't worthy to his dad. So Puppyish needs to think of a solid arrangement whether he ought to present innovation for information upkeep of printing plates, diminish the additional costs which are paid for staying at work longer than required or he would enlist additional representatives to keep up the reg isters of plates.PROBLEM STATEMENT Improper administration of print plates records prompting superfluous burden on the representatives of printing office coming about to the low effectiveness and additional expenses. Biennials was not prepared to make any interests in overhauling the current framework. Destinations: 1 . To improve activity and time overseeing branch of printing division with least additional expense. 2. To store and find printing plates in an effective way. 3. To present innovation for keeping up information of printing plates and clients orders. 4. To lessen unnecessary remaining burden on representatives. Alternatives: 1.Buy another distribution center or lease it to store printing plates. 2. To acquaint innovation like ERP framework with keep up automated information of printing plates. 3. Recruit additional individuals to explicitly keep up printing plates registers. 4. Re-appropriating the work to some organization so they can keep up information stockpiling of printing plates appropriately. Assessment OF OPTIONS: OPTIONS o c s 1. Purchasing another stockroom will require parcel of ventures at first too further tasks costs for running the office too purchase new types of gear. It would be useful for legitimate upkeep of plates, cost brought about would impede its usage. Presenting ERP framework will demonstrable skill the framework. It would store data of every single plate and workers will have the option to get ready printing plates at whatever point clients put in their requests. In any case, it will require immense arrangement cost and they should enlist workers and train them. 3. Recruiting workers for keeping up record of plates will be a superior choice remembering cost factor. In spite of the fact that it will prompt additional expenses yet it will be immaterial as they were paying Shank and his team extra time compensation. Additionally it will decrease superfluous heap of current representatives and they will be capable focus ap propriately on their work.But for keeping up tremendous measure of information, utilization of innovation is prudent. 4. Redistributing support of printing plates to outside firm will assist Paranoia with focusing on its center help of assembling and providing vaporized jars which they are known for. Printing plates can be made relying upon clients request and the redistributing firm can keep up the information as indicated by that. This will help representatives of printing office to concentrate on adornments of jars and need not stress over finding plates for each request. In any case, this usage requires venture and he should persuade his dad who isn't eager to spend any money.RECOMMENDATION: Puppyish should attempt to haggle with his dad and persuade him to put cash in re-appropriating firm and to diminish steady bottleneck in printing division. Despite the fact that recruiting new representatives will stay away from additional expenses yet suggestion is re-appropriate the work to the outside firm. As Paranoia is notable vaporized maker company,they should concentrate on its better quality assistance and quick help and let the outside firm deal with the records of printing plates. This will diminish load from Shank just as his teams shoulders and they will have the option to work productively on printing machines.CONNECTIONAL: Puppyish needs to concoct a solid arrangement and persuade his dad and bring him into certainty to put the cash into the redistributing firm by giving him that they are as of now spending additional expense because of blunder of printing plates so they can eliminate the pointless spending which is influencing the organization and clients not getting their conveyance arranges totally because of requests turning into a crisis request. To actualize redistributing firm Puppyish ought to request that his group coast tenders to welcome firms keen on putting away and conveying printing late.CONTINGENCY PLAN: Puppyish should execute ERP inno vation in the firm as the information stockpiling of the printing plates will be mechanized. It will prepare the organization and it would help him as the organization hopes to extend the business later on. Word tally 11 50 UNDERTAKING To Whom It May Concern: l, Rural Augural, therefore pronounce that this task is my unique work and isn't duplicated from anybody/anyplace. Whenever discovered comparable with sources, I make total obligation of move taken thereof by WAC group. Mark NAME: Rural Augural ROLL NO: 131246 SECTION: B

Customer and Organizational Complexity in Organizations

Question: Talk about the Customer and Organizational Complexity in Organizations. Answer: Presentation The motivation behind this report is to give an outline of remuneration the board framework in Tesco Company. The report depicts the noteworthiness of employment investigation and set of working responsibilities in the association. It further clarifies the noteworthiness of occupation assessment in the organization Tesco, alongside a correlation among arranged and standard execution evaluation process in the association. Tesco Plc. is a British global organization managing in retailing part. The organization is running since 1919 and is situated in London, UK. Further, it will be noticed that Tesco is huge scope organization effectively positioned in the worldwide market (Tesco, 2014). So as to effectively run in the market, the organization likewise requires dealing with its human asset and picking up fitness in the objective market. For this reason, the human asset chief needs to break down the activity profile for which they need to enlist the individual, after that the supervisor needs to evaluate the individual portrayal also. Individual portrayal incorporates the sort of the individual with gifted bent and characteristics which can fulfill the activity necessity. Another significant perspective which is similarly significant in starting proficient human asset the board is execution examination and essential compensation, these are the two components which help an individual to get self-inspiration to work in the organization and help the organization to arrive at its objective (Our tesco, 2016). Further insights concerning the assignment are examined beneath. Employment examination alludes to the way toward recognizing and deciding in insight regarding the specific occupation obligations and the necessities. It is essentially leading an examination on the sort of employment which the administration of the organization needs to make to satisfy their necessities. It is a significant assignment for the human asset administrator to start work examination in light of the fact that with this data just the enrollment and choice procedure will be directed in the organization. Besides discussing the activity examination process in the organization, it will be taken into accounts that on the underlying premise the administrator recovers and gather exact and bona fide data about the sort of work and expected abilities to carry out the responsibility (Peng, Sun, Markczy, 2015). This procedure is held in the inside administration of the organization as it is the clear part along these lines this procedure is actualized by the human asset overseeing gr oup of the organization. Like, in Tesco in the event that there is opportunity for a regulatory representative, at that point the most importantly thing which the director needs to do is to examine the errand which is performed by an authoritative supervisor of the organization. Further in the wake of breaking down the obligations the director of Tesco needs to start the enrollment and determination process. Occupation examination is the underlying advance of the entire human asset arranging process; likewise the exhibition assessment program is additionally done through this procedure in the association. Ultimately, work investigation is started by the administration of Tesco so as to show signs of improvement and more clear comprehension of the activity and individual portrayal required by the group (Mohapatra, 2015). Importance of expected set of responsibilities in remuneration the board For the pay director, it is a significant assignment to assess the expected set of responsibilities precisely for the correct working of the administration. The organization Tesco puts stock in doling out the privilege to the correct individual to keep away from disarray and increment productivity. Subsequently, set of working responsibilities is required by both business and representative in the organization, as expected set of responsibilities encourages the business to allot the obligations to the representatives as indicated by and it is required by the representatives as it causes them to comprehend the need of their activity. Further expected set of responsibilities alludes to the explanation which recognizes and depicts the degree and elements of a specific activity. A great job portrayal kills the fractional worry of enrollment procedure; and it characterizes the obligations and unmistakably makes reference to the prerequisite of the organization from the worker. Because of which just intrigue individuals go after the position. Set of working responsibilities assumes a critical job in the pay the executives procedure of the HR chief as it explains and allocates obligations to the representatives (Bryce, 2017). It makes them committed towards the specific employment and gives obligation and power to satisfy it. Essentialness is that it explains disarray among the representatives identified with their activity. As per the set of working responsibilities, just remuneration which is to be paid to the representatives is chosen by the administration. A portion of the things remembered for the set of working responsibilities are work standard, work title, work status, work code, work rundown, work presentation, duty, work determination. Further expected set of responsibilities offers reason to a specific activity as it characterizes the fundamental commitment of the activity which tells the representatives the work which they need to organize in their activit y. Additionally, it characterizes the presentation guidelines which demonstrate the exhibition of the workers in the association. The administrative group of Tesco assesses the exhibition of worker based on their set of working responsibilities as it were. Further, it helps the representative and reveals to them how to function and to whom to they will react in the association it characterizes the obligations of the workers alongside the administrators also (Gupta, Shaw, 2014). Employment assessment alludes to the way toward rating the occupations in the association. In the association Tesco, it alludes to the way toward setting up worth or worth for the association in the activity chain of command. Employment assessment is a piece of the presentation evaluation procedure of the association. The qualities intended for the activity under this procedure are later on changed over to financial advantages which are to be gotten by the workers. Along these lines, it will be comprehended that the activity assessment process is started to execute the exhibition examination program by the remuneration the executives (Reiche, Mendenhall, Stahl, 2016). Employment assessment gives the premise to building up the chain of importance in the association and it additionally serves premise to the procedure of obsession of pay in the association. It will be noticed that activity assessment is subject to relations and isn't supreme, that is the reason it isn't the sole factor which decides the compensation structure of a worker in the association. It gives targets to the remuneration group to fix the compensation structure of a representative and give them evaluation. The underlying purpose of occupation assessment is work investigation. The fundamental target of occupation assessment is to esteem the activity as indicated by its profile (Shields, et. al., 2015). This procedure builds the fulfillment of workers and lessens inner miscommunication with the board too. It helps in obsession of compensation structure because of which the workers don't battle for their compensation each time when they get their pay. It likewise conveys the repres entatives as indicated by their work capacities in the organization, a worker who is paid more implies that they are in the higher post than the worker who is paid less in the administration. This procedure decreases the disarray in compensations because of which a decent boss representative relationship is kept up in the association. Aside from that pay is the main consideration which spurs the workers and keeps them held in the activity (Aswathappa, 2013). Techniques for execution examination There are two kinds of execution evaluation techniques essentially quantitative and non-quantitative. The further quantitative strategy additionally incorporates two sorts of employment assessment method which are examined underneath: Factor examination Method: the activity of workers depends on a few components; additionally the occupations of representatives in an association are contrasted and each other also. So the underlying advance in the factor examination strategy alludes to the way toward deciding the employments to be estimated. This implies the way toward picking the activity which for the most part exists in a wide range of associations and comparative organization work advertise. The second step of this methodology identifies with the affirmation of compensable factors in the employments, these elements will be assessed under this procedure (Johnston, Marshall, 2016). The components utilized in this procedure are mental necessities, expertise prerequisites, duties, physical necessities and occupation conditions. A short time later every primary assignment is positioned based on compensable variables. Under this procedure, the choice is made under which each errand which is to be finished by the repre sentatives is positioned based on data got. The underlying assignment of this procedure is to organize the compensable components as per their needs. Like, in the organization Tesco for the situation of item analyst the primary compensable variables are information about the item, physical limit, assessing capacities. After this procedure allotting of the compensation rate on every one of the compensable factor is finished. As talked about before the pay of the representatives depends on the compensable components and a greater amount of these qualities increment the remuneration of the workers in the association. At that point positions are given to the assignments as indicated by the pay scale, starting from the most elevated to the least paying activity in the organization (Katzenbach, Smith, 2015). Point technique: the point strategy is utilized in the association to break down the activity figure present a specific activity of the representative. Under this strategy, the underlying advance which the remuneration chief needs to do is to decide the activity bunch which is to be assessed in the association, similar to the cutting edge, authoritative, administrative work and so forth. Later the administrator picks the compensable elements for the assessment of the employments (Schmitz, Ganesan, 2014). After the compensable elements are picked then the chief needs to recognize these components as per their significance against relative variables present in a similar activity gathering. At that point allotting is done from the activity bunches as it were. All things considered, such assessment is done; the director will rate the compensable variables as per their significance and afterward include multi

The Debate Over Minimum Wage :: Economics Argumentative Persuasive Essays

The Debate Over Minimum Wage Presentation: The Clinton Administration served notice in 1993 that it planned to look for an expansion in the government the lowest pay permitted by law. Liberal lawmakers praised the new president, concurring that an expansion was late and merited. In any case, their preservationist partners deplored the approach proposition, dreadful that a lowest pay permitted by law climb would additionally disrupt the financial recuperation that was in progress at that point. The two nonconformists and preservationists started to marshal their measurable powers to help the since a long time ago held cases concerning the positive and negative results of a lowest pay permitted by law increment. From that point forward, political talk has regularly managed the lowest pay permitted by law banter. (Mckenzie, 10, 1994) The lowest pay permitted by law is a hostile issue since it is bantered in a wide and mixed crowd. The lowest pay permitted by law is at the core of the market analyst's advantage; he is in quest for securing its association with position misfortune. Nations everywhere throughout the world, including all individuals from the OECC, keep up the lowest pay permitted by law laws. Thus, it is of evident significance to approach producers. Since those that will in general procure a lowest pay permitted by law are lopsidedly from low salary and minority families, the lowest pay permitted by law has stood out from social activists also. The point is maybe generally fascinating to the normal American. Sooner or later in our lives, nearly everybody has been paid the lowest pay permitted by law. Because of this reality, it is of mainstream banter over supper, at cafés, and in the average American lounge room. The individuals of the United States should bolster raising the government the lowest pay permitted by law in light of the fact that observational proof demonstrates that it doesn't prompt employment misfortune. Americans know a raise in the lowest pay permitted by law is one approach to assist make with working compensation. For some working Americans an expansion in the lowest pay permitted by law will have the effect between living in neediness and not. Besides, a higher the lowest pay permitted by law, a story to guarantee laborers that they're getting a reasonable arrangement for their endeavors, gives an a dependable balance into the white collar class for some different families who might somehow or another not win a working class living. America of the 1990's is a nation of expanding uniqueness, where the well off are pushing forward while the average workers is falling behind. In this monetary marvel, the white collar class is vanishing. One of our significant resistances to guarantee those in the common laborers gets a reasonable compensation, is enactment accommodating one. While numerous adversaries of the lowest pay permitted by law refer to work flexibly and request worries with an enacted wage, we should take a gander at the realities rather than the simple hypothesis.

The Benefits of Reflective Essay Outline

The Benefits of Reflective Essay Outline Up in Arms About Reflective Essay Outline? What's a Reflection Paper Before starting doing anything, make sure that you've understood correctly what sort of academic paper you will need to write. Drafting and rewriting take some moment, so be sure that you essay enough of it. 1 such assignment which you might end up facing a couple of times throughout grade school and college is the reflection essay. You want to consider the ideas which you are likely to present in your paper. For example, you may need to demonstrate how you have changed ever since your childhood or the way you used to play to your very first buddies. Writing is among the things that I used to hate the most. Moreover, writing such papers can help you understand and occasionally resolve your feelings. What to Expect From Reflective Essay Outline? So make sure the next time you compose a reflective essay, it's the true you that is writing and not someone who only wi shed to please the crowd. It is possible to ask some rhetorical question or produce the reader think deeper into the subject of your work. Nevertheless, you might not have all the details to create the story full. Now the remainder of the story is left up to you. Self reflective essay do not demand much research as with other kind of research. Likewise, an individual might also need to seek out areas where Beowulf himself shows a type of beast-like viciousness. The True Meaning of Reflective Essay Outline Nonetheless, the reflective essay concentrates on your private experience, the confidentiality and anonymity has to be fully sustained. If you draw proper conclusions, you will demonstrate the high degree of understanding what you've depicted in your story. The primary aim of the conclusion is that of presenting the way by which your mindset was modified. Discuss new strengths and weaknesses in connection with the experience you've gained. A Startling Fact about Reflect ive Essay Outline Uncovered If you opt to make APA style reflective essay, don't forget there are strict rules you should follow. It's possible for you to create a topic or sentence outline if you are not making it as required by your teacher who specified the kind of outline that you need to make. More to the point, however, you wish to guarantee a conclusion that returns to the most important point. The conclusion A conclusion on nearly every body of writing will look the exact same. You should nursing that you're ready to be a nursethat you're ready for all essay hardships. Nearly all academic writing has the exact same structural guidelines, reflective essays included. Reflection essays aren't merely a school exercise. When you're writing an academic reflective essay demands a more direct strategy. You are likely to do really well in the essay writing NAB if you decide to create a sheet of. Before you commence writing your masterpiece, a good idea is to have a peek at creative reflective essay examples. The exact same boring stories can be located in many essays. You have to consider thoroughly what you're likely to reflect in the essay. Even if you're taught how to compose the reflective essay, you might not be in a position to get a relevant and intriguing topic. Now, which you already understand what's a reflective essay you should figure out the way to compose a reflective essay. You want to learn how to create an impressive reflective essay. Choosing Good Reflective Essay Outline In case the latter description illustrates you, here is a more in-depth reflective essay outline which should get you where you must be to put on a firm understanding of the way to compose a reflection paper. Often it's true when they say you must pay to play. If you buy a glance at APA style reflective essay example you are going to see that its structure is just the very same with the one described above. Details of Reflective Essay Outline On your trip through high school and college, there are likely to be numerous essays you're likely to write to f ulfill the demands of your curriculum. Your nursing application essay will definitely lose some points if you don't mention some nursing-related experiences. The page number 1 ought to be flush right top, too. If you chance to be in college, the variety of essays you're expected to produce is increased. The Basics of Reflective Essay Outline You don't ever want to get rid of the most important point of your essay or any body of work for this issue. Be certain to insert page numbers in the appropriate corner of every page in order for your reader can refer to various places in your essay she might need to re-read, or quote for a study. When you make an outline, you are going to have clearer view of the additional evolution of your literature work. Once more, a reflection paper outline will be a huge leap toward the conclusion of your self reflection essay.

The Problems behind Immigration Essay - 790 Words

Live is like a sea it has it’s calm times and it’s angry time you just have keep your boat stable until this waves pass away and continue on your way but some people use these waves as excuse to run away and escape from facing their troubles and problems. if you ask anyone what is your favorite place on this earth? And the place he or she feels comfortable the most? The answer will be home, so how would you feel if you had to leave your home for any reason there could be? Escaping your problem is not one of them. Immigration is a very delicate problem that almost every country faces these days, so how we can solve this problem? First we have to look at the reasons and try to solve them from the bottom and immigration is no good for†¦show more content†¦Another disadvantage of immigration is concerned with the social aspect and here I mean working parents who leave not only their countries but also their families which can cause major problems in the society bec ause children who are raised by only one parent are going have problems because they miss their fathers or mothers and there is no guarantee that they are going to see them in along time which is like they are orphans who can’t see their parents and miss them. Although some countries support family based immigration like the united states of America but in certain situations like in order to be admitted through the family preference system, a U.S. Citizen or LPR sponsor must petition for an individual relative (and establish the legitimacy of the relationship), meet minimum income requirements and sign an affidavit of support stating that they will be financially responsible for their family member(s) upon arrival to the United States. (American immigration council, November 4, 2010). As you see there is more harm than good for immigration. Some political reasons can be the problem of immigration for an example some countries don’t give out visas for certain nationalities because of political issues between them like war andShow MoreRelatedEssay about Illegal Immigration and the Environment1676 Words   |  7 PagesIllegal Immigration and the Environment One of the most controversial political issues of today is illegal immigration. 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With presidential candidates vying for votes in debates and political campaigns, immigration has been talked about quite a bit. But what is truly known about immigration? Since it is such a divisive issue, it is hard to know what is true and what isn’t. Unfortunately, the information most readily available to us comes in the form of opinionated articles and biased speeches by presidential candidates. Because the information

Why People Gamble Essay - 1643 Words

Why People Gamble For centuries, people have indulged in different types of gambling: poker, horse races, bingo, lottery, and slot machines. Gambling has seduced any and almost everyone between the ages of sixteen and ninety years old. Before turning eighteen, the legal age of casino and horse race admittance, those younger make monetary bets on football and high school stunts. Gambling is even more prevalent today than it was yesterday with the added attraction of on-line casinos, offering jackpot equivalent to twenty years salary in exchange for a credit card / debit card number. Gambling was suppressed in the 1920s as a result of Prohibition and because of this will forever lure people into its taboo trap. Gambling as sport is†¦show more content†¦Casino games create a different sensation. Whether it be cards, slots, or dice games after being seated in front of it for an hour or two there will generally be a win, some kind of win. Usually that win is small. It serves the person, or the bra in, with a sort of reward. The reward entices the person to want to continue their game so to get another reward (7). The basis for this affirmative award is biological. Research done at the Massachusetts General Hospital has showed similar brain activity induced by prize money to food and drug rewards. The scientists measuring this brain activity compared it with giving a cocaine addict an infusion of cocaine. (2) An experiment was set up wherein the brain activity of the subjects was measured while they gambled. Each subject was offered one of three spinners: a good spinner offered them a chance to earn $10, $2.50, or nothing; an intermediate spinner offered $2.50, $0, or -$1.50; and a bad spinner let them win nothing or lose, -$1.50 or -$6. (3) The brain activity was measured with a high-field functional magnetic resonance imaging, otherwise known as an fMRI, while they were spinning for six seconds and after then after they had spun. 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Both theories describe interpersonal communication tendencies in a variety of settings. In the case of one of my own relationships, the social penetration theory and cost-benefit theory help explain how the relationship developed and why it did not survive the transition to college. The social penetration theory describes how relationships vary over time and explains the varying strengths of interpersonal relationships. This theory, developed by Irwin Altman and Dalmas Taylor, describesRead MoreGambling Should be Legalized.1571 Words   |  7 Pagesbeen dated way back to 1492. People have been gambling in America ever since America was found. There are numerous underground cards clubs and casinos all over the country and in major cities. People gamble on everything: sports evens, dice, and cards. Even though people gamble every day in the United States, it is still illegal. People do gamble everyday, so why is it not legal. Gambling should be legalized. There are tons of ways to gamble. Anybody can pretty much gamble or make a bet on anythingRead MoreProduct Market Analysis : Procter And Gamble Essay1089 Words   |  5 PagesProduct-Market Analysis Procter and Gamble heritage began back in 1837 and has brought forth many brands over the years to make the consumers happy. Procter and Gamble Company have five segments under Global Business Unit (GBU): Health Care (Family, Baby, and Feminine), Beauty, Grooming and Home Care. The GBUs have a responsibility for developing the overall brand strategy and innovations with new product and upgrades, along with marketing plans. Proctor and Gamble customers include merchandisers suchRead MoreThe States Policy On Gambling1416 Words   |  6 Pagesat a game of chance for money or other stakes†. When people hear the word gambling, casinos, lotteries, and online gambling websites are what is most often thought of, however, these are not the only types of gambling. People can gamble throughout a variety of fashions, such as virtual gambling on tablets or smartphones, scratch cards, and sports betting, and as stated in the definition, does not always have to be for money. Often people gam ble without even realizing that they are gambling, and manyRead MoreProcter And Gamble : An American International Corporation Essay1116 Words   |  5 PagesProcter Gamble (also known as PG) is an American international corporation, which produces consumer goods, such as personal care and cleaning products. Eli Lilly is an American global pharmaceutical company that develops and delivers trusted medicines for humans and animals. The two multinational companies utilise effective operation strategies such as, use of global factors, outsourcing, application of technology and quality management to improve business outcomes. Examining the importance ofRead MoreThe Search And Capture Of Customer Value1551 Words   |  7 PagesThe Search and Capture of Customer Value For Procter Gamble to enter into a region that would, arguably, produce very limited profits and growth in the immediate foreseeable future is an action that would raise eyebrows. Given the aspects of the specific characteristics of the target market in terms of income, cultures and their tastes and preferences, the entry by Procter Gamble can only be summed up as visionary and strategic. There are better markets in the West where the company could haveRead MoreCrest Toothpaste Essay829 Words   |  4 Pagestoothpaste, toothbrushes, dental floss, whitening products, and mouthwash. Each of these products has several variations, creating a program of oral care for everyone. In developing a marketing plan, there are several questions that Proctor and Gamble must ask themselves in order to get their product to the correct consumers. These include identifying your target audience, identifying the competition, deciding where to make your product available, the price in which to sell it, and the means ofRead MoreInquiring Into The Social Assignment1586 Words   |  7 Pagesfor people aged 15 to 17 than for adults as a whole, and higher for people aged 18 to 30 than for other age groups (See Delfabbro 2012.) A study for Gambling Research Australia conducted by the Australian Council for Educational Research has found that up to five per cent of young people in Australia will develop gambling problems before the age of 25 (Purdie et al. 2011). Gambling amongst youths has increased tremendously, with technology playing a major role by allowing youths to gamble anywhereRead MoreProctor and Gamble786 Words   |  4 PagesProctor and Gamble (DRAFT) Case Discussion Questions What strategy was Proctor and Gamble pursuing when it first entered foreign markets in the period up until the 1980’s? †¢ In 1915 opened a plant in Canada to produce Ivory Soap and Crisco †¢ In the 1970’s PG entered Japan and other Asian Nations. †¢ Strategy- PG entered a nation by acquiring an established competitor and its brands. i.e. case of Great Britain and Japan. †¢ Strategy- the Company developed new products in Cincinnati and then

Entj Personality free essay sample

Some of an ENTJ’s weaknesses are impatience, poor handling of their own and other people’s emotions, intolerance, and stubbornness. Interestingly I found that Bill Gates, Steve Jobs, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Harrison Ford and even Jim Carrey are ENTJ’s, but only 4% of the total population has this personality. What really stands out to me is that people with this type of personality are born leaders, they know how to inspire people to follow with their ideas, but what they don’t know is how to effectively read and work with other people’s emotions which seems like something they should know how to do if they are leading others. When I first found out my personality type and researched it I was pretty surprised with the results. Most of what is described about an ENTJ fits my personality exactly, like how an ENTJ’s primary mode of living is focused externally, where they deal with things rationally and logically and their secondary mode is internal, where they take things in primarily through their intuition. We will write a custom essay sample on Entj Personality or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Something that surprised me though was the part about how ENTJ’s are natural born leaders. I’ve never really considered myself as a leader, but then I begin to evaluate myself and realized that I like taking charge of people and directing them in order for the task to get done efficiently and effectively. Another strength that I can relate to is being a strategic thinker as well as being very energetic. Whenever there is a problem I always try to solve it with the best possible way. I think about every detail and obstacle and work with them other than around them. This motivates and energizes me in way that I can’t really describe. One of the weaknesses that are listed I can directly relate to. Impatience with other people’s inefficiency is defiantly a weakness of mine. I recall a time when I was working with my brothers. We were trying to get cut pieces of wood loaded onto my dad’s trailer. I wanted to get it done fast so I was trying to organize my brothers to get it done quickly and I noticed that my younger brother was going at a very slow pace and would frequently stop and wait. I didn’t like what I was seeing so I let him know right away that he needed to pick up the slack. After some time I realized that he wasn’t going any faster than he was before and I was growing very impatient by then so I ended up yelling at him. I realize that I try to come up with the most efficient and effective ways of doing things and try to have other people do it the same way and if they don’t I can lose my temper and that is a very recognized characteristic of an ENTJ. Since ENTJs are so driven to leadership they are usually very successful in business. They are very career focused so they fit into the corporate world quite naturally. They are constantly scanning their environment for potential problems which they can turn into solutions. They generally see things from a long range perspective and are usually successful at identifying plans to turn problems around especially problems of a corporate nature. Theyre tireless in their efforts on the job and are driven to visualize where an organization is headed. For these reasons they are natural corporate leaders. With that in mind possible career choices for an ENTJ include Corporate Executive, Entrepreneur, Computer Consultant, Lawyer, Business or Engineering Administrator and Manager. The career that I would have in mind for myself would be an Engineering Manager. I’ve always had a big interest in engineering. Ever since I was a kid I loved to construct and work on things. I’d build multiple tree houses with my siblings when I was younger and I work on the dirt bikes that I ride currently and since I like to take charge and direct people that would be an excellent career choice for me. Engineering Managers make an average of $59. 93/hour in the US. They also receive great benefits which vary by employer. Engineering Managers usually receive health insurance, vacation days, and retirement benefits. Some also receive expense accounts, bonuses, and stock option plans. Basically what an Engineering Manager does is use advanced technical skills to oversee many types of projects. Projects may include building a new highway, designing a production line, or installing a water system. They also may look over the planning and building of new factories and plants and oversee the design of new products. Sometimes they even improve the way products are made. Engineering managers establish policies and work procedures to meet the goals that they set out. To become an Engineering Manager you need at least a Bachelor’s degree in engineering, but most management positions require a masters. You also need to have both administrative and engineering skills. As far as work experience goes you basically have to prove yourself as an engineer before moving up to the management position. I think that this would be the perfect job for me because its great pay and benefits, and it’s a job I would love doing. The combination of designing, leading, and problem solving in one career is something that would fit my needs as an ENTJ.

Ball Mill free essay sample

CHAPTER 1- INTRODUCTION Ball Mill plays an important role in paint industry. The manufacture of pigmented paint involves the dispersion of the pigments into binder and solvent components. This is an important part in the manufacturing process of paints. For this purpose grinding devices like ball mill, bead mill, sand grinder, roll mill or high-speed grinders are used. Though compared to ball mill the other devices provide better dispersion, they require constant attention, semi-skilled labor, high power requirements and have low rate of production, making the ball mill an important and significant part of paint industry. This report comprises of basic information related to paints, principles of grinding, the use of ball mill in paint industry, factors governing the efficiency of mill and various technological aspects regarding the use of ball mill in paint industry. CHAPTER 2- PAINT 2. 1 Paint It is a coating consisting mainly of resin, a solvent, additives, and pigments. We will write a custom essay sample on Ball Mill or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It made its earliest appearance about 30,000 years ago. Cave dwellers used crude paints to leave behind the graphic representations of their lives that even today decorate the walls of their ancient rock dwellings [1]. 2. 2 Components of paint Paint comprises of various components. They are as follows: Pigments- Pigments are finely ground particles or powders that are dispersed in paints. They impart qualities such as color and opacity and influence properties such as gloss, film flow, and protective abilities. They can be categorized into two main types: 1. Prime or hiding pigments- They provide whiteness and color. They are also a source of hiding capacity. Eg- TiO2. They also protect the substrate from the harmful effects of ultraviolet light. 2. Inert or extender pigments-Extender pigments or extenders provide bulk at relatively low cost. They impact many properties like sheen, scrub resistance, exterior color retention [2]. Binder- It is the actual film forming component of the paint. It imparts adhesion, binds the pigments together, and strongly influences properties such as gloss, exterior durability, flexibility, and toughness. Binders include synthetic or natural resins such as acrylics, polyurethanes, polyesters, melamine resins, epoxy or oils [2]. Solvent Vehicle- Solvent is used to adjust the viscosity of the paint. Vehicle acts as a carrier for paint application. Usually solvent and vehile are same. The vehile or the solvent is volatile and does not become part of the paint film. It can also control flow and application properties. Its main function is as the carrier for the non volatile components. Eg- water, alcohols, ketones, esters, glycols and ethers [2]. Additives- They impart specific properties like pigment stability, anti-freeze properties and foam control [2]. Misc. Fillers are used to thicken the film, support its structure and simply increase the volume of the paint. Eg-talc, lime. Catalysts, Thickeners, Stabilizers, Emulsifiers, Texturizers, Adhesion promoters, Flatteners (de-glossing agents) are also added [2]. . 3 Important characteristics of paint The important characteristics of paint are as follows [3] :- 1. Hiding or covering power 2. Required color 3. Required sheen or gloss 4. Weather resistance 5. Dirt resistance 6. Blister resistance 7. Resistance to peeling 8. Anti-corrosive properties 9. Proper consistency or viscosity 10. Non-Toxicity 11. Low cost 2. 4 Paint Applications The main purpose of use of paints is to protect products from environmental corrosion and to improve their consumer appeal. The various applications of paint are [1]:- 1. Paints are used as protective coating for equipments and structures in industries. . Paints are used as marine coatings, mainly as coatings to protect new and existing commercial ships or offshore oil and gas rigs and equipments. 3. Paints are used for highway or traffic markings. 4. Paints are used as architectural coatings. 5. Paints are used to protect food and beverages in metal cans from spoilage and contamination. 2. 5 Paint Manufacturing Process The various steps of paint manufacturing process are as follows [4] :- 1. The pigment is mixed with sufficient binder and solvent or vehicle to make a paste, which has the correct consistency for grinding. . The paste is grinded in a mill until the aggregates are broken down, as indicated by the ‘fineness of grind’ test and that the p igment gets dispersed in the paste. 3. After the required dispersion the paste is thinned to the required consistency. 4. Performance enhancers and preservatives are added to improve the properties. 5. Tinting of batch is done to get the required color. 6. Testing is done to determine physical properties and performance requirements. 7. Filling and packing of paints is done. Figure 1 gives a detailed description of the various steps of paint anufacture. Figure 1: Process Flow Diagram of Paint Production[4] CHAPTER 3- GRINDING 3. 1 Grinding Grinding is a unit operation designed to break a solid material into smaller pieces. There are many different types of grinding mills and many types of materials processed in them. Historically mills were powered by hand (mortar and pestle), working animal, wind (windmill) or water (watermill). Today they are also powered by electricity. The grinding of solid matters occurs under exposure of mechanical forces that trench the structure by overcomin g of the interior bonding forces. After the grinding the state of the solid is changed: the grain size, the grain size disposition and the grain shape. As represented in figure 2, grinding, in which size reduction of the particles takes place, can occur in two ways, either by collision or compressive forces between the particles or by rubbing or attrition forces. Grinding may serve the following purposes in engineering: 1. Magnification of the surface area of a solid 2. Manufacturing of a solid with a desired grain size 3. Pulping of resources [5] [pic] Figure 2: Schematic representation of compressive and attrition forces in grinding [5] . 2 Energy and power requirements in grinding During size reduction the particles of feed material are first distorted and strained. The work necessary to strain them is temporarily stored in the solid as mechanical energy of stress. As additional force is applied to the stressed particles they are distorted beyond their ultimate strength and suddenly rupture into fragments and ne w surfaces are created. Every unit area of solid has a definite amount of surface energy, the creation of new surface requires work which is supplied by the release of energy of stress when the particles break [6]. 3. 3 Grinding laws In spite of a great number of studies in the field of fracture schemes there is no formula known, which connects the technical grinding work with grinding results. To calculate the needed grinding work against the grain size changing three half-empirical models are used: 1. KICK for d 50 mm [pic] Equation- 1 According to Kick’s law (in 1885, based on stress analysis of plastic deformation within elastic limits) work required for grinding a given mass of material is constant for the same reduction ratio, that is the ratio of initial particle size to final particle size. 2. BOND for 50 mm d 0. 5 mm [pic] Equation- 2 According to Bond’s law (in 1952) the work required is inversely proportional to the square root of the diameter of the particles. 3. RITTINGER for d 0. 05 mm [pic] Equation- 3 According to Rittinger (in 1867) work required is proportional to new surface created. It also means that for a given material and a given machine the grinding efficiency is indepe ndent of size of feed and product. In all these postulates W is the grinding work in kJ/kg, c is the grinding coefficient, dA is the grain size of the source material and dE is the grain size of the ground material. A reliable value for the grain sizes dA and dE is d80. This value signifies that 80% (mass) of the solid matter has a smaller grain size. To calculate the KICKs and RITTINGERs coefficients following formulas can be used : [pic] Equation- 4 [pic] Equation- 5 with the limits of BONDs range : upper dBU = 50 mm and lower dBL = 0. 05 mm [5] [6]. 3. 4 Grinding degree To evaluate the grinding results the grain size of the source material (1) and of the ground material (2) is needed. Grinding degree can be expressed by various parameters: 1. Grinding degree referring to grain size d80 pic] Equation 6 Instead of the value of d80 also d50 or other grain diameter can be used. Grinding degree referring to specific surface [pic] Equation 7 The specific surface area referring to volume Sv and the specific surface area referring to mass Sm can be found out through experiments [5]. CHAPTER 4- MILLS USED FOR GRINDING 4. 1 Ball mill A typical type of fine grinder is the ball mill. A slightly inc lined or horizontal rotating cylinder is partially filled with balls, usually stone or metal, which grinds material to the necessary fineness by friction and impact with the tumbling balls. The feed is at one end of the cylinder and the discharge is at the other [5]. 4. 2 Pebble mill A rotating drum causes friction and attrition between rock pebbles and ore particles. It can be used where product contamination by iron from steel balls is to be avoided [5]. 4. 3 Rod mill A rotating drum causes friction and attrition between steel rods and ore particles. The rods range from 25 mm to 125 mm in diameter [5]. 4. 4 Tube mill It is a continuous mill with a long cylindrical shell. Tube mills are excellent for grinding to very fine powders in a single pass when the amount of energy consumed is not of primary importance [5]. . 5 Compartment mill When slotted transverse partitions are used in a tube mill then it is called a compartment mill. The compartments have balls of different sizes. One having large heavy balls, the other small balls and another having pebbles. This segregation of grinding media in the various compartments helps in avoiding waste work as heavy balls break on ly the large particles. The smaller ones fall only on the small particles and not on large lumps, which they cannot work [5]. 4. 6 Conical ball mill The feed enters through a 60o cone into the grinding zone where the diameter of the shell is maximum. Product leaves through the 30o cone. Such a mill contains balls of different sizes all of which wear and become smaller as the mill is operated. New balls are added periodically. As the shell rotates the large balls move toward the point of maximum diameter and small balls migrate to the discharge [5]. Figure 3 gives the detailed description of a conical ball mill. Figure 3: Conical Ball Mill [6] 4. 7 SAG mill SAG is an acronym for Semi-Autogenous Grinding, and applies to mills that utilize steel balls in addition to large rocks for grinding. The SAG mills use a minimal ball charge of 6 to 15%. SAG mills are primarily used in the gold, copper and platinum industries with applications also in the lead, zinc, silver, alumina and nickel industries [5]. [pic] Figure 4: Principle of SAG Mill Operation [5] Principle of SAG Mill operation As shown in figure 5, in SAG mill a rotating drum throws large rocks and steel balls in a cascading motion, which causes impact breakage of larger rocks and compressive grinding of finer particles. Attrition in the charge causes grinding of finer particles. SAG mills are characterized by their large diameter and short length. The inside of the mill is lined with lifting plates to lift the material inside up and around the inside of the mill, where it then falls of the plates and falls back down. 4. 8 Autogenous mill A rotating drum throws large rocks in a cascading motion, which causes impact breakage of larger rocks and compressive grinding of finer particles. It is similar in operation to a SAG mill but does not use steel balls in the mill. Attrition in the charge causes grinding of finer particles. It is also known as ROM or Run Of Mine grinding [5]. CHAPTER 5- USE OF BALL MILL IN PAINT INDUSTRY 5. 1 Role of ball mill in paint industry The manufacture of pigmented paint involves the dispersion of the pigments into part of the binder and solvent components. This is the key component of the manufacturing process. For this various grinding devices like balling mill, bead mill, sand grinder, rolling mill or high-speed grinder are used. As compared to ball mill though the other devices provide better dispersion but they require constant attention, require semi-skilled labor, require high power and have low rate of production [7]. 5. 2 Ball Mill The ball mill is a horizontal cylindrical vessel, which is used for size reduction. It can reduce size of a particle upto one-tenth of a micron. It rotates about a horizontal axis. It is partially filled with the material to be grounded and the grinding medium. The various advantages of a ball mill are: 1. It is a well-established technology. 2. It is a simple technology not requiring many moving parts. Hence it is a robust construction. 3. It is possible to recirculate the ground material and achieve finer grinding. It is also possible to regulate the amount of recirculated product to control the final product. 4. Apart from grinding ball mills are also used for mixing. . By using different media in the same drum we can process wide variety of feed [8]. 5. 3 Applications of Ball Mill in paint industry The applications of ball mill in paint industry are as follows [9]: 1. Ball mills are used for reduction of size of pigments. 2. They are used to make pigments uniform in the finished product. 3. They are used for grinding inexpensive coarse extender pigments in the batch, which gives more hiding power. 4. In case of agglomerated pigments resulting from storage and handling, ball mills are used. Steel ball mills and pebble mills are sed in the paint industry. CHAPTER 6- STEEL MILL PEBBLE MILL 6. 1 Pebble Mill The pebble mill can be obtained in various diameters and lengths with almost any capacity desired. The ends or heads of the mill are usually cast iron and the shell is steel. The inside of the cylinder is lined with either porcelain or stone (Silex or French Buhrstone). A shaft extends from center of each head. These shafts ride in very heavy bearings supported on trunions or legs, which can be mounted either on the floor or from the ceiling. The machine is suspended in a horizontal plane. A charging gate is located on one side of the cylinder with a grilled discharge valve on the opposite side. Removable plug is provided in one end for taking the samples. A large ring gear of the same diameter as the mill is bolted to one end of the cylinder for rotating. The grinding charge consists of porcelain balls for the porcelain-lined mills and flint pebbles for stone lined mills. These mills can be used for grinding white gloss and semi-gloss enamels or house paints. The advantage of pebble mill is that there is no discoloration of products because the components do not contact any metal surface. The diameter of the cylinder should be large enough to allow proper cascading of pebbles or balls of proper size when the mill is rotated [7]. Figure 5 shows a photograph of pebble mill, provided by Paul O Abbe Inc. 6. 2 Steel Ball Mills Steel ball mills operate on the same principle as pebble mills but they are jacketed for water-cooling. The shell is made of chrome-manganese steel. The grinding charge is usually composed of chrome-manganese steel balls that are 5/8 in. in diameter. This tough and hard metal is used to reduce wear and minimize discoloration. Water cooling jackets are necessary to remove heat generated by contact of metallic surfaces when the mill is in operation. Fine grinds and better dispersion are usually obtained with ball mills in a much shorter time than with the pebble mills, as the steel balls are heavier and of higher density as compared to flint pebbles or porcelain balls. Hence small size balls can be used thereby providing more grinding contacts for each revolution of the cylinder. However they cannot be used for white or light colored paints as abrasive action of steel on steel can produce free iron to discolor the light colored batches. The discoloration is not significant in case of darker colors. Apart from this steel mills can’t handle materials affected by metallic contamination [7]. Figure 6 shows a photograph of steel mill, provided by Paul O Abbe Inc. Figure 5: Pebble Mill [10] Figure 6: Steel Mill [10] 6. 3 Essential features of Ball and Pebble Mill The essential features of ball and pebble mill are as follows [7]: 1. They are simple to load and unload. 2. They can be operated by unskilled labor. 3. These mills do not require premixing of paste. 4. They can be run during off-peak loads and hence they are economical to operate. 5. They are well suited to continuous batch grinding of the same pigment, hence excessive cleaning between the batches is avoided. 6. They require no attention during operation, hence can be loaded in the afternoon and run overnight and can be unloaded in the morning. 7. However in 24-hour operation, four hours are required to load and unload a mill. 8. If the mill is run for more than one day, it is run for even days plus the original 20-hour interval. 9. They are well suited to continuous batch grinding, hence avoiding excessive cleaning between the batches. . 4 Types of grinding media used in Ball or Pebble Mill There are three types of grinding media that are most commonly used: 1. Flint Pebbles 2. Porcelain Balls regular and high density 3. Steel and other metal Balls Flint Pebbles These are the oldest type of grinding media in use. They can be used with all types of lining and even in the chrome manganese mills. They are exceptionally tough and longwearing and last for many years regardless of the kind of service. Porcelain Balls This is a pure white ceramic material with a dense, highly vitrified body that does not chip or crack in service. High Density Media This is another grinding media developed for ball and pebble Mills. They are made with a high alumina oxide content and have a density 40 to 50% greater than the regular porcelain balls. They are also fired at higher temperature making them harder and more abrasion resistant. High-density media are available in various shapes including spheres, cylinders and ovals resembling the natural flint pebbles. It is advantageous to use high density grinding media when the product is hard to grind and requires all the energy available to break it down or where higher viscosities can be developed as in the case of paint industry. Steel and other Metal Balls Steel balls are used for faster grinding job than any of the other commercially available media. They are especially valuable in the paint industry. The following metals are used to make balls, which are commonly used in ball mills: 1. High carbon high manganese steel with alloying elements or molybdenum, chromium or nickel. 2. Cast Nickel Alloy 3. Stainless Steel 4. Chilled Iron 5. Forged Low Carbon Steel 6. Other more special types include bronze or brass, aluminum, tungsten or carbide [9]. 6. Linings used in Ball or Pebble Mill The various linings, which are used in ball or pebble mill are as follows: Burrstone lining- It is a pure flint lining, noted for its exceptional durability. It is one of the toughest lining materials available for Pebble Mills. Burrstone lined mills can run for a continuous production schedule for more than 25 years without repairs. Apart from its exceptional wearing quality, Burrstone has a natural rough surface, which help s prevent the charge from sliding or slipping thereby insuring a more efficient grinding action. Porcelain lining- This is a pure white ceramic lining which has a dense, tough structure especially developed for Pebble Mill service. It can stand up for many years under the most severe kind of service and is highly recommended where requirements call for a white lining. High density porcelain lining– It is made with a high alumina content, it is the toughest and most abrasion resistant of the synthetic linings and under normal conditions, it will outlast the standard porcelain lining several times. Metal linings- The cylinders of batch type steel ball mills are usually made of abrasion resistant alloy steel like chrome manganese. Apart from this, linings of other metals like chilled iron, manganese, high carbon, stainless steel, bronze can be also used [10]. 6. 6 Operations of Pebble or Ball Mill The various operations of pebble or ball mill are as follows [7]: 1. The pigment and a predetermined portion of the vehicle are placed in the mill. 2. First the liquid or the vehicle is loaded followed with the pigment as it gives better initial wetting and there is less danger of ball formation. If the pigment is loaded first it prevents liquids from penetrating through the pebble voids and makes the mill more difficult to load and an extra session of spinning of mill might be required. Sufficient vehicle should be put into the mill to come just to the top of the ball level. 3. After loading, the mill is then revolved. Loading and discharge closures are checked to ensure that they are tight and do not leak. At the end of the run time (predetermined by number of hours or revolutions required) a sample of paste is checked for fineness of grind. Grinding gauges are used to test the degree of fineness of grind. Removable plug is used to take the sample. If the fineness is not satisfactory the mill is operated for longer time until the correct degree of dispersion is obtained. 4. The mill is then stopped and enough of the remaining vehicle is added to produce a consistency suitable for discharging the ground paste from the mill. 5. The mill is closed again, rotated for 15 to 30 minutes to ensure uniform mixing and then the slurry of paste is discharged either by gravity or by means of pumping device. When pumping is used, the suction line may be attached directly to the discharge valve or cover. A safety screen is provided to prevent damage to the pump by a pebble or ball chip, which might be sucked through the discharge grate by the pump. The vent plug should always be removed so that the pump may do its work without being hindered by the vacuum, which would build up in the mill if the vent were left closed. When blowing, the air line is connected to the vent opening and the air pushes on top of the material forcing it out the discharge opening. 6. When the charge has been removed a portion of the thinning vehicle is put in the mill, which is then closed and rotated again. This is used to wash the mill. 7. The pebble or ball charge is to be periodically checked to ascertain if the correct volume of grinding medium is present and to check for the wear of the pebbles. At least once a year the pebble charge is unloaded from the mill and the pebble or the balls are screened and those who are badly worn, broken, defective or are undersized are replaced. In order to have daily production of 2000 gallons of paste product the following equipments are used: 1. Two 13 x 32 in. high-speed mills each equipped with a 25 hp explosion proof motor. 2. One 13 x 32 in. roller mill equipped with a 20 hp explosion proof motor. 3. One 4 x 5 ft Buhrstone lined pebble mill equipped with a 10 hp explosion proof motor. One 3. 5 x 4 ft chrome manganese steel ball mill equipped with a 10 hp explosion proof motor [7]. 6. 7 Grinding Mechanism The working of pebble and steel ball mill depends on the movement of stone or porcelain pebbles or steel balls within revolving cylinders for dispersion of dry pigments in liquid vehicles. Each mill rotates at such a rate of speed that the pebbles or balls are carried up on the side of the cylinder by centrifugal action, but at a speed that enables the force of gravity or the centripetal force to overcome the centrifugal force and allow the pebbles to fall and cascade over each other. The balls or the pebbles break contact from the wall at the â€Å"angle of break†. Thus the material, which is being grounded, is subjected to crushing by impact of pebbles on pebbles and by slipping or rolling of pebbles against each other and the lining of the cylinder. This process is continued as long as is necessary to obtain the desired degree of dispersion. The speed of rotation should be less than critical speed. At critical speed centrifugal force is so high that balls are carried over. No grinding takes place the mill is said to be centrifuging [7]. Figure 7 gives the pictorial representation of the various forces and the directions in which their components are acting on a particle in a ball mill operation Figure 7: Forces acting on a particle in a ball mill operation [6] 6. 8 Slip in Ball or Pebble Mill The term â€Å"slip† means relative motion between the layer of grinding media nearest the lining and the surface of the lining itself. Slip may be caused by several factors: 1. A smooth inside surface on the lining 2. A low viscosity batch of material 3. Material with a very low co-efficient of friction 4. A very light weight charge of grinding media and material. The effects of slip are detrimental to efficient and economical grinding. The angle of break drops sharply when excessive slip occurs and as a result, the grinding media break away from the periphery of the mill too soon, thereby developing less grinding energy. The grinding time and power costs increase considerably. Some grinding does occur between the shell and the grinding media, but this action is considerably less than that which accompanies the rolling, cascading, sliding, and relative motion in the center of the charge which occurs when the correct angle of break is maintained. Hence it is important to have a correct angle of break to have proper dispersion. The most detrimental effect of slip is that the grinding media in contact with the lining slide around the entire weight of the charge forcing them down onto the lining. As a result the mill interior becomes full of ruts and ridges and wears away very rapidly. Then the lining has to be replaced which is costly, time consuming operation. Apart from this the wear on the lining results in excessive batch contamination. Slip is most prevalent in steel ball mills but it can also create a problem in porcelain-lined mills. To prevent it burrstone lining, with rough surface can be used to prevent the slip problem. In some cases, where slip occurs, it can be removed by increasing the viscosity of the batch. However mechanical means of controlling the slip known as baffle bars are usually used. In steel ball mills baffle bars are made of special, chip -proof, hardened steel. In porcelain -lined mills the baffle bars are made of high-density material. The bars are spaced equally in a horizontal position around the inner circumference of the lining. The quantity used is dependent upon the diameter of the mill and the type of operation involved. They project above the inside lining surface just enough to prevent the first layer of grinding media in direct contact with the lining from slipping backwards on the smooth lining while the mill is turning. Baffle bars with relatively, flat sides are more effective than any other design. The flat sides secure the maximum locking effect along the cylinder wall with the first layer of grinding media held stationary relative to the lining surface until they reach the angle of break. Backward slipping of the media and material is completely eliminated. The outer edges of the baffle bars in contact with the media charge should be smoothly rounded to prevent excessive wear and chipping [10]. The figure number 8 shows the principle of slip, angle of break and the use of baffle bars in a ball mill. pic] Figure 8: Angle of Break, Principle of slip baffle bars [7] 6. 9 Jackets The use of a jacket on a ball or pebble Mill makes possible the control of the batch temperature while the mill is in operation. If mill temperatures are too low, many products will run at much higher viscosities than are recommended. This would lead to slow grinding time. If mill temperatures are too high, lower viscositi es will usually result. This causes excessive wear on linings and grinding media and therefore batch contamination. Another danger of grinding at high temperatures is that of pressure buildup. The jacket is usually fitted around the cylindrical shell only, but it can be also extended to enclose both ends of the mill according to the situation. Fluids as hot water, steam, or hot oil pass through the jacket and maintain the fluid consistency. Cold water or brine passing through the jacket, maintain cool temperatures while grinding. Cooling is necessary for paste production in the mill in paint industry [10]. 6. 10 Venting and pressure in mills The vent plug in the head of the mill has two primary functions: 1. It aids in the loading and discharging of the mill. The use of a vent helps in loading of the liquids in the batch. During unloading, the vent plug should be removed before the cover or discharge valve is opened. The vent permits more rapid discharging. The vent plug is removed so that the pump can discharge the material from the mill without being hindered by the vacuum, which would build up in the mill if the vent were left closed 2. The second use of the vent is for reducing pressure, which may build up in a mill during operation due to volatile liquids or heat being generated in the mill. Ball and Pebble Mills are not normally built for pressure operation. Therefore it is important to make certain there is no excessive pressure built up during the grinding cycle, to avoid damage to the mill end and lining. Special care should be exercised when grinding volatile solvents, as these are most apt to cause high pressures if heat develops while grinding. The mill is vented about one -half hour after starting a new batch and it is followed with such periodic ventings. Periodic venting to prevent pressure buildup has resulted in increased grinding efficiency. It is possible in many cases to withdraw air from the interior of the mill, causing a vacuum. This draws air from the bubbles in the batch, thus removing them. As a result it helps in easier and quicker grinding [10]. 6. 11 Discharge procedure Built-in discharge valves are generally located in the mill directly opposite the manhole opening. When the mill is spotted with the valve on the bottom to discharge, the manhole opening will be at the top. After the finished material is unloaded the discharge valve is closed, the manhole cover is removed, and a new batch of material may be dumped into the cylinder without having to turn the mill [10]. 6. 12 Cleaning of mill Good cleaning procedure is one of the most important factors in avoiding batch contamination. Where cleaning is necessary, the established procedure is to run the mill with a solvent or other liquid so that any of the products remaining around the media or sidewalls of the mill may be picked up and subsequently discharged. A good method of cleaning is to dump a small quantity of solvent into the mill, run it for 15 to 30 revolutions and dump it immediately. If necessary, the cycle can be repeated two or three times. In this way thorough cleaning is accomplished and batch contamination is avoided. The mill should not be run during cleaning for longer period of time. When no protective film is around the grinding media they will wear down very quickly. During a long cleaning run, a considerable amount of contamination is picked upon the surface of the grinding media. When the cleaning material is dumped out, a lot of this contamination remains in the mills. When a new batch of material is loaded, this dirt is absorbed and will come up in the finished product. At the same time the grinding media wear away, needing more frequent replenishing or dumping and sorting and excessive wear can also occur on the lining. Therefore, when cleaning, running time should definitely be kept to a minimum [10]. 6. 13 Maintenance of mill A well-made ball or pebble Mill will give many years of service with a minimum of maintenance costs and trouble. However, as with any equipment having moving parts, periodic maintenance checks are required for smooth performance and for low operating costs. These checkups take very little time or effort and are suggested to prevent any trouble from developing. Some of these checks include: 1. Material should not be allowed to accumulate on the outside of the cylinder. This adds to the weight and throws mill off balance. 2. Threads on the tightening bolts of the cover should be kept clean and occasionally oiled. 3. Lubricants recommended by the manufacturer should be strictly adhered to. 4. Lubricating periods are best determined by the operator and are generally controlled by existing conditions. 5. The level of the grinding media should be frequently checked. If it falls below the correct operating level, the required grinding media should be added. At longer intervals the charge should be dumped and inspected. All grinding media, which are excessively worn or damaged, should be removed and replaced with new media. 6. Even though a Mill may be perfectly aligned when new, occasionally it will settle after being in operation a while, due to the floor sag or settling of foundations. For this reason the alignment should be checked occasionally. 7. The foundation bolts should be examined periodically to see that they are secure [10]. 6. 14 Mill efficiency The controlling factors that govern the grinding efficiency of cylindrical mills are as follows [7]: 1. Speed of mill affects capacity, also liner and ball wear up to 65–75 percent of critical speed. 2. Ball charge equal to 35–50 percent of the mill volume gives the maximum capacity. 3. Minimum-size balls capable of grinding the feed give maximum efficiency. 4. Bar-type lifters are essential for smooth operation. 5. Higher circulating loads tend to increase production and decrease the amount of unwanted fine material. 6. Ratio of solids to liquids in the mill must be considered on the basis of slurry characteristics. 6. 15 Cares during mill operation The various cares to be taken during mill operation are [10]: 1. There should be enough material in the batch to cover the grinding media. 2. Grinding time is to be watched carefully to avoid excessive grinding. 3. Excessive buildup of heat should be avoided. In paint grinding, this may lower the operating viscosity beyond the critical point. A reduction in mill speed may help to avoid overheating, but it is more desirable to circulate a cooling medium around the cylinder. If the mill is not jacketed, a water spray can be used. 4. The smallest possible grinding media should be used. This reduces the danger of overheating. They also provide faster and better results. 5. When using extenders, their abrasive nature may cause excessive wear. To avoid this, extenders are held out until the grinding is almost complete and then they are added for the final operation. CHAPTER 7- FACTORS AFFECTING EFFICIENCY OF MILL 7. 1 Factors affecting the efficiency of the mill The various factors affecting the efficiency of the mill are as follows [7]: 1. Speed of Rotation 2. Relative volume of grinding medium and batch. 3. Size and density of grinding medium. 4. Consistency of batch. 7. 2 Speed of rotation There is a specific operating speed for most efficient grinding. At a certain point, controlled by the mill speed, the load nearest the wall of the cylinder breaks free and forms a cascading, sliding stream containing several layers of balls. The top layers in the stream travel at a faster speed than the lower layers thus causing a grinding action between them. There is also some action caused by the gyration of individual balls or pebbles. A pebble mill of the same size as that of ball mill usually runs at a slightly faster speed. This is due to the smaller inside diameter of the pebble mill with its lining, which is lacking in the ball mill. There is a point where the charge, as it is carried upward, breaks away from the periphery of the mill. This is called the â€Å"break point† or â€Å"angle of break† as it is measured in degrees. It is measured up the periphery of the mill from the horizontal. Usually the angle of break ranges from 50 to 60 degrees from the horizontal with the lower range recommended for wet grinding operations like paint manufacture and the higher break point (which provides a more severe grinding action) for dry materials. Angle of break should be lower for larger mills as compared to smaller mills because of severe grinding action in the mill. While in the old days operating speeds were determined by trial and error, now a days correlations are used to determine the critical speed, which is the speed at which the grinding media, without material, begin to centrifuge. The speed of rotation ranges from 50-60% of critical speed. According to Fischer [7] S=K/(D) ? Equation- 8 Where S is critical speed, K is constant and D is the diameter of the mill in ft. According to Coghill and De Vaney [7] S=54. 18/(R) ? Equation- 9 Where S is critical speed and R is the radius of the mill in ft. The smaller the mill the faster in RPM it has to run to attain critical speed. For example, 4. 5† diameter mill has a critical speed of 125 RPM, and 90† diameter ball mill has 28 RPM [7][9]. 7. 3 Relative volume of grinding medium and batch The volume of grinding medium and the volume of the paste in a mill affect the grinding time. For fastest grinding a pebble mill should contain 50-55% by volume of pebbles and a ball mill 45-50% of steel balls and in each case the paste should be sufficient to cover the grinding media slightly. Ball mills can contain as low as 33. 3% by volume of steel balls. This reduces the cost of balls and permits a larger loading space in the mill. However the grinding time is longer than with a 50% charge of balls. The grinding efficiency of the one -half charge is considerably greater than for the one-third, hence power consumption per gallon output will be less. Apart from this, the mills containing a low ball or pebble charge are harder to clean than when they are half full because paste tends to adhere to the ends of the mill and is difficult to remove when the charge is low. When the mill is half filled the grinding medium is continuously cleaning this area. The volume of voids between the spherical grinding media does not change with the size of the media. When a mill is charged with pebbles to 50% of its volume the voids among the pebbles are about 20% of the total volume of the mill. The minimum charge of paste is 25% of mill volume, which would give the fastest dispersion to the required fineness. The void volume between the grinding media, with a one-third charge of grinding media is 13 ? %. Fastest grinding occurs where there is just sufficient material in a batch to fill all voids and slightly cover the grinding media. This gives highest ratio of medium to paste. This equals approximately 25% of the total volume with a half ball charge and 18% with a one -third ball charge. The material should never be allowed to drop below the surface of the grinding media because when this happens excessive wear occurs to the mill and grinding media and contaminates the material itself. The largest size batches should not exceed 60% of total mill volume. Usually the minimum load of paste is 40-45% of mill volume and it can increase up to 60% but the grinding time also gets increased considerably. A 40% load requires twice the grinding time of the minimum 25% and the 60% load requires four times as long. It is not always necessary that the shortest grinding time is the most desirable. The mill can operate overnight without any attention therefore the loading can be increased to correspond to the overnight period and a larger yield of paste will be obtained. The size of load can be adjusted to conform to the specific working hours or the production schedules but in no case the load should be below the level of grinding medium, as it would result in excessive wear of the medium [7] [9]. 7. 4 Size and density of grinding medium The most common cause for faulty operation in a ball mill is regarding the size of grinding media. Usually smallest feasible grinding media are used. The optimum size of media should not change with mill size. If the laboratory pebbles or small balls successfully grind a sample batch in a lab ill, the same size grinding media can do the best job in a production mill irrespective of the size of the mill. The criteria is that the size and density of grinding media should be great enough to prevent them from floating in the material and to obtain the maximum amount of grinding surfaces. For steel balls the optimum size of balls recommended are ? † and 5/8†. However, balls of size as small as ? † in p roduction mills can be used and they are found to be extremely advantageous when exceptionally fine grinds are required. Figure 9 shows ? † and ? † sized steel balls. Porcelain balls range from 1-1. 5 in.. The heavy balls exert more force between them than light weight balls. However as the size of ball increases, to give it more weight, the surface area per weight decreases. To overcome this situation grinding medium of maximum possible density should be used, hence steel balls are preferred over pebbles in most of the cases. Balls of mixed size can provide greater area of contact between the balls. However there are chances of increased wear and more uneven wear of the balls with the possibility of large pebbles cracking or chipping the smaller ones. The advantages of small size grinding media are as follows: 1. They provide many more grinding contacts per revolution than larger media. This results in much quicker grinding action. One-inch balls have approximately 38 contacts per pound whereas 5/8 in. balls have 144. 2. They provide smaller voids, limiting the size of particles or agglomerates, which can exist there. 3. They do not create excessive energy, which cannot be utilized. Oversized grinding media frequently develop more grinding energy than is needed for the job. This excess builds up heat and wears down the media and the lining, introducing contamination in the batch. The disadvantages of small size grinding media are as follows: 1. Smaller balls tend to float or rise in the paste as the mill rotates. This can be overcome by lowering the pigment concentration to reduce the paste viscosity. However a stage reaches where reduced the grinding time is overbalanced by the smaller quantity of pigment ground. 2. Smaller balls or pebbles make a mill harder to discharge because of smaller channels in the mass through which the paste can flow, hence increased surface tension in the smaller voids. However, the reduced grinding time by using smaller media offsets this disadvantage. Slight air pressure can be used to assist in more rapid discharge. 3. Balls of too small a size will not be held back by the screen or grate in the discharge opening of the mill. These can cause serious trouble if they lodge in valves or in the pumping mechanism. 4. Small pebbles because of relative small size are less effective in breaking up large agglomerates of paste or pigment and may tend to promote formation of pigment balls in a mill. The attempts to increase the area of contact between the grinding media have produced tubular or rod shaped porcelain media. They have outside diameters of 13/16 in. nd 1 ? in. and lengths of the same dimensions. Porcelain balls of higher than normal density are also used. High density balls are used when the material is hard to grind or when the paste is of high viscosity [7] [9]. Figure 9: Steel Balls of ? † and ? † [5] 7. 5 Consistency of batch The consistency should be such so as to permit the particular size and density of grin ding media to move through the paste smoothly. The correct paste consistency is difficult to determine because it depends on the ball size, diameter of the mill, speed of the mill and density of the paste. If the consistency is too thick the entire charge moves as a mass and there will be no individual movement of balls and no grinding action takes place. If the paste is too thin there will be excessive wear on balls and mill lining, resulting in discoloration of the batch by abraded material, contamination and heat build-up. If the low viscosities cannot be avoided then small grinding media should be used. The range of the viscosities of the paste, handled by the various grinding media is shown in Table 1: Grinding Media |Size |Viscosity of paste (cp) | |Flint Pebbles |1 ? † |600-1100 | |Porcelain Balls |1- ? † |600-1100 | |High Density Balls |- |1100-2100 | |Steel Balls |? ? † |1100-2400 | Table 1: Viscosity of paste handled according to grinding media and size Small size balls are used for low viscosity paste while large size balls are used for high viscosity pastes. Consistency changes with difference in ratio of pigment to vehicle and with variation in solid con tent of the vehicle. To develop maximum shear the paste should be a viscous fluid however ball mill operation does not permit high consistency. Therefore the vehicles of relatively low solid content are used with high ratio of pigment to vehicle. The sound of the mill in operation is used to determine whether the consistency is correct or not. An experienced operator is able to tell if the sound volume is too high or too low for best grinding conditions. Though a noise meter can be also used but usually it is used in grinding ore or cement and not in paint industry. The consistency is affected by temperature hence it is important to know the operating temperature and it has to be maintained uniformly from batch to batch. Many mills like steel ball mills are jacketed for water cooling and temperature control [7] [9]. CHAPTER 8- TECHNOLOGICAL ASPECTS 8. 1 Technological Aspects The various technological aspects, which have to be taken care of during ball mill operation process, are: 1. When unloading materials that do not flow well some of the vehicle is held out until most of the batch has been removed from the mill. This vehicle is then added to the mill to help in removing as much of the batch as possible [7]. 2. Small size mills are used to produce small batches of paints [7]. . Ball formation in a mill is a major problem. In this situation a mass of pigment, balls or pebbles and some vehicle form a large round ball that will roll in the mill for hours and would not be broken. It is caused due to too high a paste level, too low a pebble level and too thin a paste. Increasing the consistency of a too thin paste will eliminate the ball formation because the more viscous paste tends to pull the round mass down below the surface of the grinding medium where all the dispersing action takes place [7]. 4. One of the most successful techniques employed in the dispersion of pigment in vehicle and solvent is known as low solids grinding [9]. The advantages of this technique are: a. Dispersion is accomplished quickly. b. A greater pigment quantity can be dispersed in a mill batch. 5. There are a few pigments on which it is desirable to avoid direct impact and attrition and dispersion of pigment relies mostly on shear, such as toluidine red. Excessive grinding through impact can destroy the pigment structure thereby reducing its hiding power. To avoid excessive grinding by impact the consistency should be heavier than for normal operation and the size batch should be sufficient to induce spreading of the grinding media in order to prevent direct contact and merely induce a shearing action [9]. 6. Step loading is more advantageous than tightly packing a bulky pigment to try and get it all in the mill in one loading as excessive packing can cause reaggregation of pigment particles [9]. 7. Periodic venting of the Mill relieves internal pressures and also helps in grinding [9]. 8. The use of wetting agents has greatly increased the capacity of ball mills and pebble mills without altering the viscosity during the grind. The capacity of the mill can increase from 50% (prior to the addition of wetting agent) upto 85% of solid content by using wetting agents. The wetting agents help in reducing the surface tensions of the aggregated particles, therefore grinding operation can occur in faster time and the finished product has greater stability [9]. 9. It is important to ensure that the batch size is consistent with the allowable running time. For example: if a 25% batch takes 9 hours, this would be too long for an 8-hour shift. In that case the batch size is increased and the mill is run to the next working day. Now if a 40% batch takes 9 hours, then a slight cutback can make it possible to turn out a batch within an 8-hour working day. Hence it is better to do a little experimenting with the batch size and to try to develop a system that will work out best as per the grinding conditions. However the grinding media must be covered with paste [9]. There are occasions where additional thinning of the batch after grinding may be done to increase the yield of the Mill. For example: in case of a pebble mill of volume of 450 gallons, a minimum material charge of 25% for this Mill would be 112 gallons and the maximum charge of 60% would be 270 gallons. After grinding, if the mill were loaded to the extreme top with thinner, the yield produced would be 315 gallons or 70% of the total volume of the mill [9]. 8. 2 Technological upgradation An example of technological upgradation is the use of adjustable timers in ball mills in liquid paint processing in Asian Paints Ltd. , Kasna Plant (UP). In Kasna Plant the ball mills in liquid paint processing used to run idly after the completion of grinding time in absence of any control switchgear. Hence adjustable timers were used. Table 2(a) shows the motor capacity, power consumption and running cost before the installation of the timers, while Table 2(b) gives the motor capacity, power consumption and running cost details after the installation of the timers. It has been observed that by the use of timers an annual saving of 0. 46 lacs has been achieved. [11] |Motor Capacity |55. kW | |Power consumption |3. 64 lacs kWh/annum | |Running Cost |15. 30 lacs/annum | Table 2(a): Kasna Plant details before installation |Motor Capacity |55. 2 kW | |Power Consumption |3. 3 lacs kWh/annum | |Running Cost |14. 83 lacs/annum | Table 2(b): Kasna Plant details after installation CHAPTER 9- CONCLUSIONS The followings conclusions can be made out regarding the use of ball mill in paint industry: 1. Paint manufacture involves dispersio n of pigment into binder and solvent components. 2. Steel ball mills and pebble mills are used for this purpose 3. Ball or pebble mills are used to make pigments uniform in the finished product. 4. They are used for grinding inexpensive coarse extender pigments in the batch to give more hiding power to the paint. 5. They are used in case of agglomerated pigments resulting from storage and handling. 6. Speed of rotation, volume of grinding medium and that of batch, size and density of grinding medium and consistency of the batch affect the efficiency of ball and pebble mills. CHAPTER 10- REFERENCES 1. Paint industry information, facts and figures by National Paint Coatings Association, Washington, US, www. aint. org 2. Paint from wikipedia, www. wikipedia. org 3. Gopala Rao. M and Sittig. Marshall: â€Å"DRYDEN’S OUTLINES OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY†, Affiliated Eat West Press Pvt. Ltd. , 3rd Edition 2004 Reprint, pp 307-312. 4. Chemical fact sheet on paints by Orica Limited. Copyriht 1992-98. ACN 004 145 868. 5. Grinding from wikipedia, www. wikipedia. org 6. McCabe W. L, Smith J. C. , Harriott Peter: â€Å"UNIT OPERATIONS OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING†, McGraw Hill Book Company, 6th Edition, International Edition 2001,pp 965-977. 7. Biblac V. C. , Edgar W. S. : â€Å"PAINTS WARNISH PRODUCTION MANUAL†, 1991, John Wiley and Sons, NY, pp 40-46, 132-137, 996-1004. 8. Presentation given by P. Poornima, R. Sreenivasan, Ankit Bhatnagar in IIT-Chennai on ball mill operation. 9. Handbook of grinding by Paul O Abbe, A division of Aaoron Engineered Process Equipment, Inc. , 1994 10. Ball mill handbook by Paul O Abbe, A division of Aaoron Engineered Process Equipment, Inc. , 1994. , www. pauloabee. com. 11. Asian Paints Ltd. , Kasna Plant, UP, Unit Profile, www. asianpaints. com